Bryan Forbes The Stepford Wives Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bryan Forbes The Stepford Wives - Movie Review Example The TV show Desperate Housewives clearly references the film in its depiction of one of the main characters, Bree Van De Kamp, due to her 1970s-era standard of wifely and motherly perfection. But while the novelty of the concept of wives being turned into robotic versions of themselves may be exactly what is needed to affirm the 1970s genre of horror cinema-as evidenced by Carrie, The Exorcist, The Omen, and many others-the social implications of the film were not always welcomed by concerned parties. In particular, the undeniable strengthening of the feminist movement in America in the 1980s that gave women even louder voices in societal issues did not find much significance in The Stepford Wives, despite the clear commentary on the prevalent patriarchal norms being followed by general American societies. The analysis then would be centered on this issue, from the communication of female-related concepts and the subsequent interpretation made; the statement about women, after all, is much more pronounced in this text than in the author's previous work, Rosemary's Baby. The film is quite curious from the very beginning, with the ominous perfection of a scene showing a young couple, Joanna and Walter, moving their family from busy, noisy New York City to the peaceful suburb of Stepford. As many horror stories would have it, the idyllic situation slowly starts changing, mainly due to the peculiar behavior of some of the wives in the community. They were strange in their demeanor and ideals, akin to TV portrayals of perfect mothers and wives who spent all their time cooking and cleaning with nary a hair out of place. Subsequently, the transformation of Joanna's friend Bobbie and Joanna herself reveals how the community is controlled by the men, who apparently discard their wives for mechanical look-alikes that would function exactly as expected. But the image created by the film with regard to the epitome of womanhood-specifically in women's roles in the home, such as cooking, cleaning, and maintaining an appearance that conforms to standards promoted by media-is largely within the stereotype of the Caucasian female married to a Caucasian man of stable economic means, enough to provide for a home equipped with the necessary elements that would allow for the keeping up of the image. Children would not be more than two, and are well-dressed and well-behaved. Husbands would leave home and return at very specific times, during which the wife must be ready to attend to his every wish. As this cannot be possible in the frenetic environment of cities and urban addresses, it essentially finds its setting in the suburbs of America, taking from the afterthought to the phenomenon of urbanization, which is the contrary suburbanization. Joanne and Walter's move from New York to Stepford is typical of this occurrence, as more and more problems become associated with living in cities. The growing concern for less substantial economic costs and adhering to a lifestyle denoted by family and community time is at the core of suburbanization, which led many to move back to the suburbs. One of the major influences of this change is "the preference for

A discussion on Health Related Issues and Interventions for School Age Research Paper

A discussion on Health Related Issues and Interventions for School Age Children - Research Paper Example A number of health related issues arise at this age and their successful mitigation helps children develop normally into adolescent and adulthood. Without proper measure in place to address these health related issues, developmental problems may arise ranging from behavioural problems to physical and mental problems. This paper is going to look at a number of child health related problems such as childhood obesity and overweight issues, bullying, accidents and injuries, social network and the media, child abuse and neglect and the various interventions that could be employed to either prevent or lessen the impacts of these issues on school age children. Childhood obesity and overweight Last year, the Australia bureau of statistics reported the continued rise of childhood obesity over the last 40 years. The report indicated that the level of childhood obesity has increased substantially and is even projected to approach adult rates within 30 years. The report showed that 26.1% of chil dren between the ages of 5-15 were overweight or obese in 2007-08. In 2009 the same was 26.5% making a 0.4% increase in one year (ABS, 2011). The report attributed this rise to sedentary pursuits which include watching television and playing computer games. In 2005 the world health organization reported that 20 million children under 5 years were overweight. Latest statistics by the World health organization also indicate that 40 million children under the age of five years are overweight or suffer from obesity in 2010. These statistics are quite alarming making the issue a global concern (WHO, 2012). Scholars argue that overweight and obesity in childhood especially in older children can lead to serious and severe obesity and weight issues in adulthood. They also say that childhood and adolescent obesity poses a higher risk of premature death and disability later on in life (Kumanyika & Brownson, 2007, p. 51). Literature also suggests children who are obese or overweight normally e ncounter several physical risks and are at a greater risk of social isolation. Such children also are at the risk of developing psychological disorders than those who are in a healthy weight range (Vichuda L Mathews, 2011, pp. 4-6: Justin, 2005, p.84). Research also indicates other consequences of overweight and obesity and these include the development of chronic conditions such as chronic respiratory problems such as sleep apnoea and breathlessness; chronic musculoskeletal problems such as lower back pains and osteoarthritis; gall bladder disease and impaired fertility and well as chronic cardiovascular problems (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh, & Merchant, 2005, p. 24). Scholars have proposed a number of strategies in which childhood obesity could be reduced. Such intervention measures have been in existence for quite some time now. Their application is case specific and some could still be applied to solve the problem generally. Telford et al. (2012, 371 )in their study found out that an appropriately designed and administered physical education program (PE) is capable of producing benefits for elementary school children by reducing the percentage increase of body fat but also led to significant enhancement of numeracy development. Other studies have also supported the idea of physical education in helping in the primary prevention of overweight and obesity. Davis et al. (2012, p. 243) in their study propose school based initiatives that include physical activity and also provide opportunities for physical education and recess programs as very important in the prevention of obesity. It is argued that physical activity helps reduce adiposity in

Perspectives on Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perspectives on Operation Management - Essay Example This paper intends to advise the independent retail outlets situated in Hartwell in Essex on some potential operations strategies in response to the recent opening of Asda/Walmart on the edge of town. Operations strategies While planning operations strategy redesign in response to the recent opening of Asda, the retail outlets must consider the position of the Asda in the UK market and its strengths. Statistical data indicate that Asda is the second largest chain in the UK in terms of market share (BBC News, 2011). The company’s UK grocery market share was 16.5% in 2010. Furthermore, it must be noted that Asda is the subsidiary of retail market giant Walmart, the largest retailer in the world. Low price offer is one of the major core competencies of the Walmart that assisted the corporation to grow up to the top of the world’s retail market. In addition, the company has good reputation across the UK market. Low inventory levels and short flow times are the major operati ons strategies of Walmart. This assists the corporation to maintain adequate levels of inventory all times and thereby keep more working capital with the firm. Hence, the operations strategies developed by the retail outlets must be comprehensive enough to confront with the Asda’s powerful marketing policies. ... Thirdly, each retail outlet has to clearly identify order winners and order qualifiers. More precisely, they have to recognise which elements are necessary to win an order and what makes an item attractive to customers. Finally, each retailer must evaluate its position in the Hartwell retail market. It is advisable for the retail outlets in Hartwell to adapt to the internet based operations strategies because Walmart is still at its early stages of researching internet opportunities. Internet can be effectively employed to strengthen the existing core competencies and by integrating recently developed and traditional supply chain activities. Market analysis reports show that retail firms nowadays raise major portion of their revenues from online sales. The Web based operations strategies aid retailers to significantly reduce operational costs and increase their efficiency in order processing, product delivery, and customer service. However, the retailers must be more innovative while deploying web based operations strategies since customers may be pulled towards the companies that present product displays more attractively to site visitors. It is also recommendable for the retail outlets to develop customised operations strategies as such a policy would better fit the needs and requirement of these retailers. Customised operations strategies may assist retailers to effectively meet the changing tastes and specifications of customers on time (Lowson, 2003). ‘Make to order and assemble to order’ would be the most recommendable production related operations strategies for the retail outlets. In the words of Dickersbach (2005, p. 27), under the make to order strategy, retailers can add customer specifications to a particular product after

A discussion on Health Related Issues and Interventions for School Age Research Paper

A discussion on Health Related Issues and Interventions for School Age Children - Research Paper Example A number of health related issues arise at this age and their successful mitigation helps children develop normally into adolescent and adulthood. Without proper measure in place to address these health related issues, developmental problems may arise ranging from behavioural problems to physical and mental problems. This paper is going to look at a number of child health related problems such as childhood obesity and overweight issues, bullying, accidents and injuries, social network and the media, child abuse and neglect and the various interventions that could be employed to either prevent or lessen the impacts of these issues on school age children. Childhood obesity and overweight Last year, the Australia bureau of statistics reported the continued rise of childhood obesity over the last 40 years. The report indicated that the level of childhood obesity has increased substantially and is even projected to approach adult rates within 30 years. The report showed that 26.1% of chil dren between the ages of 5-15 were overweight or obese in 2007-08. In 2009 the same was 26.5% making a 0.4% increase in one year (ABS, 2011). The report attributed this rise to sedentary pursuits which include watching television and playing computer games. In 2005 the world health organization reported that 20 million children under 5 years were overweight. Latest statistics by the World health organization also indicate that 40 million children under the age of five years are overweight or suffer from obesity in 2010. These statistics are quite alarming making the issue a global concern (WHO, 2012). Scholars argue that overweight and obesity in childhood especially in older children can lead to serious and severe obesity and weight issues in adulthood. They also say that childhood and adolescent obesity poses a higher risk of premature death and disability later on in life (Kumanyika & Brownson, 2007, p. 51). Literature also suggests children who are obese or overweight normally e ncounter several physical risks and are at a greater risk of social isolation. Such children also are at the risk of developing psychological disorders than those who are in a healthy weight range (Vichuda L Mathews, 2011, pp. 4-6: Justin, 2005, p.84). Research also indicates other consequences of overweight and obesity and these include the development of chronic conditions such as chronic respiratory problems such as sleep apnoea and breathlessness; chronic musculoskeletal problems such as lower back pains and osteoarthritis; gall bladder disease and impaired fertility and well as chronic cardiovascular problems (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh, & Merchant, 2005, p. 24). Scholars have proposed a number of strategies in which childhood obesity could be reduced. Such intervention measures have been in existence for quite some time now. Their application is case specific and some could still be applied to solve the problem generally. Telford et al. (2012, 371 )in their study found out that an appropriately designed and administered physical education program (PE) is capable of producing benefits for elementary school children by reducing the percentage increase of body fat but also led to significant enhancement of numeracy development. Other studies have also supported the idea of physical education in helping in the primary prevention of overweight and obesity. Davis et al. (2012, p. 243) in their study propose school based initiatives that include physical activity and also provide opportunities for physical education and recess programs as very important in the prevention of obesity. It is argued that physical activity helps reduce adiposity in

Social Order Essay Example for Free

Social Order Essay Discuss the role of primary and secondary groups in the maintenance of social order and the emergence of deviance in Caribbean societies. Through the evolution of sociology as a discipline, several ‘big questions’ have dominated discourse in the subject. Such questions surround how social order is obtained and maintained in society as well as the factors that account for a movement away from the social order and engage in behaviour thought to be deviant. This discussion will seek to give an account of the treatment various sociologists have given to the issue of social order in society; and the role primary and secondary groups play in the maintenance of order. In the wake of such major revolutions as the French Revolution of 1789 as well as the Industrial Revolution that was also in progress in Europe, society as was conceived at the time experienced massive transformations. Questions arose that needed to be answered. â€Å"The types of questions these nineteenth-century thinkers sought to answer – what is human nature? Why is society structured like it is? How and why do societies change? – are the same questions sociologists try to answer today† (Giddens 1997). This statement further elucidates the central notion of this essay; that the problem of social order has always been at the forefront of the minds of sociologists. O’Donnell (1997) describes social order simply as â€Å"†¦a state in which social life – actions and interactions – can be conducted without major interruptions†. While there are breaches of the social order by and large collective life is able to happen without chaos. It is this relative uniformity in social action, on a macro level, that has pre-occupied the minds of sociologists for some time. A defining fact of human social life is that people will gravitate to each other in various ways. Macionis and Plummer (2008) defines a social group as â€Å"†¦two or more people who identify and interact with one another.† Social Groups range from married couples to friendship groups, to gangs, to churches, to multi- national corporations. Macionis Plummer (2008) go on to define a primary group as â€Å"†¦a small group whose members share personal and enduring relationships.† They argue that â€Å"†¦individuals in primary groups typically spend a great deal of time together, engage in a wide range of common activities and feel they know one another well.† Essentially, primary groups are small and – due to their size – they are able to allow members a considerable measure of familiarity. The opposite is true of secondary groups. These may be defined as â€Å"†¦large and impersonal social group[s] whose members pursue a specific interest or activity†¦Secondary relationships usually involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another† (Macionis Plummer, 2008). Weaker social ties allow secondary groups to facilitate a much larger membership that would obtain in a primary group setting. By this token, we are able understand that membership in primary and secondary groups, serves to facilitate different needs. They achieve different ends in completely different ways. In primary groups, members define themselves in relation to who they are, while in secondary groups persons are defined in relation to what they offer and what the others receive in return. Before we can understand sources of deviance, we must understand order. Order becomes manifest when people conform to social norms and values. The social order is maintained through the presence and implementation of sanctions. A sanction is â€Å"†¦any response to a behaviour that serves to reinforce the norms of a society or social group.† Sanctions may be positive or negative. Positive sanctions or rewards, are implemented to encourage a desired behaviour, whereas negative sanctions are implemented to deter or discourage undesired behaviour. Social order is maintained by the work of the agents of social control. These include such social institutions as the family and the peer group, as well as the education system, religious institutions, the mass media as well as such institutions as the security forces and the justice system. As we become exposed to these institutions, we become aware of what our social group expects of us. We gradually learn what appropriate behaviour is and get an idea of the consequences of each. In this regard, we can better understand the practical framework within which properly ordered collective order happens. This question of how it is that humans are able to cooperate and engaged in structured behaviour is taken by this writer to be central to sociology, largely due to the fact that it manifests itself in the work of such writers as Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Karl Marx, Max Weber and even W.E.B. Dubois. Emile Durkheim postulated that the basis of social order was, in fact, wide scale agreement and shared morality. Bilton et al (1981) states that Durkheim and fellow functionalist, Talcott Parsons, were talking about the same idea when they used the terms â€Å"collective conscience† and â€Å"value consensus† respectively. Essentially they were both suggesting that human beings submit to a set of social rules because they believe in their validity to a greater or lesser extent. The difference between them was that â€Å"†¦in Durkheim the source of this belief was society itself but in†¦Parsons, society is described as a social system† (Bilton et al, 19 81). Haralambos et al (2002) states that â€Å"†¦Durkheim assumes that society has certain functional prerequisites, the most important of which is the need for social order.† Haralmbos et al (2002) go on to further explain that, â€Å"without this consensus or agreement on fundamental moral issues, social solidarity would be impossible and individuals could not be bound together to form a social unit.† Parsons’ treatment of society as a social system has been seen as foundational to his other ideas, but the fact importance he placed on society as a social system was crucial to his broader understanding of social order and cannot be understated. This treatment of social order became central to functionalist writing, since common values produce common goals. This is largely because writers in the functionalist school posit that since society is a system of interrelated parts, there is a need for there to a certain amount of agreement in society in order to make the system work. Thus, from a functionalist perspective, social groups and institutions are effective in shaping social order by virtue of the ways in which they ensure conformity to the consensus on values that exists in society. The challenge with this functionalist analysis of order is that it presents a very idealistic and almost utopic picture of how society works. It suggests that we all come together because we happily agree upon a certain set of values there is no element of coercion or exploitation involved. Another perspective that gives a different treatment to the issue is that of the Marist school of thought. The work of Karl Marx presents a sharply contrasting picture of the order problem in society. Rather than seeing social order as the result of collective agreement and harmony in society, Marxist sociology presents a radical alternative to this view. Jessop (1999) highlights the importance of seeing Marx in a material determinist framework. He did not see society and its institutions as emerging from the wide scale on a set of values, beliefs and ideas. Rather, he saw the society as emerging from economic forces. Primacy was given to the economic system of society rather than the value system. A major argument postulated by Marx is that conflict emerges in society with the emergence of private ownership (Jessop 1998). For Marx, the bottom line behaviour of man is the pursuit of subsistence. Thus, in order to survive one must engage in some form of work. By working, we engage in different types of relationships with each other. Marx highlights two basic states of being; owners of the means of their production and owners of their labour. Essentially there are the haves and the have nots, the bourgeoisie and the proletariats. These, according to him, are the two basic classes of society. Marx postulates that it is the bourgeoisie who – by virtue of having control of the means of production – have ideological control over the society. They can therefore exert their idea of values, norms, etc on the wider society, seeing that the superstructure of society is biased in their favour. Although there is conflict in society, the effect of that conflict is sublimated as a result of ruling class dominance. Charon (1999) summarizes Marx’s take on the issue as suggesting that social order is maintained through force and manipulation of a subordinate class of people. From this perspective, we see that in society, it is possible for social groups to work to conspire to hold masses of people in check. The agents of social control represent the ruling class agenda and ideology. In this regard, some persons fall into deviance, because the ruling class agenda, which dictates what is acceptable or not, conspires against them. As such, it is the capitalist system that creates deviants, rather than the deviants themselves. Thus far, the writers examined have subscribed to a macro or structuralist approach to society and the individuals in it. They postulate ideas that suggest that the society creates the individuals and therefore emphasis is placed on understanding the work of social structures in maintaining social order. However, a large body of sociological work subscribes to a micro or interpretive approach. They suggest that the structuralist stance underestimates the abilities of the individual and treats them as less than autonomous beings. Conversely, interpretive theorists seek to understand structured, relatively uniform behaviour against the backdrop of humans being purposeful and rational beings. They do not merely seek to know that a behaviour has been committed, but more so, the interpretations of the meanings behind the behaviours in question. Max Weber, though influenced by Marx, was highly critical of his approach to understanding society. He did not subscribe to the one-sided idealism of functionalism, but at the same time, rejected the one-sided materialism of Marx. For him, both of these forces worked in tandem and were crucial in shaping social cohesion and change (Jessop 1998). He drew his analysis from his research into The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† (1904) which explored the ways in which religious beliefs shaped the development of capitalist system while, at the same time emphasizing that the capitalist system could shape the course of religious beliefs. In rejecting the more structuralist approach, Weber presents the idea that society and the social order does not exist in isolation of the purposeful actions of the individuals in it. He suggests that it is individuals in interaction who give rise to a social structure. The social action approach to understanding behaviour relies heavily on the concept of rationality. He identified different types of rationality, namely: traditional, affective and value-free rationality and emphasized that societies progressed towards deeper more rational behaviour with development. According to Jessop, Weber saw social change as the rationalization of social life. This rationalization became culminated in the creation the bureaucracy in modern society. Thus far, the perspectives that have presented have been colour-blind in the examination of society. They have either presented a vision of society that is either too harmonious to fathom any idea of conflict and division or examined a conflict that emphasizes wealth-based conflict so far that it understates the presence of any other form of conflict that might be abundant in society. It can be argued no perspective best explains the dynamics of Caribbean social order on its own. As such, a more Caribbean perspective must be sought. M.G. Smith, in his seminal work, The Plural Society in the West Indies advanced the argument that the Caribbean societies are several cultures co-existing without blending to form one. Smith (1955) begins his analysis with the basic functionalist premise that society begins with shared values and common social institutions. As a functionalist, he sought to apply this basic principle to a diverse Caribbean cultural landscape with slaves, mulattoes and whites living alongside each-other. When Smith (1955) examined such social institutions as Family, Religion, Education and Economy, he concluded that there is no single collective value system among the three major cultural groups. Rather, he argued that each group had a value system of its own and that the Colonial system was responsible for holding the societies together. This idea of ‘cultural pluralism’ as he described it was quite popular in Caribbean thought for some time, as it helped to explain the divided and divisive of Caribbean social relations. Hence, through the work of M.G. Smith, we are better able to see how social order is in the Caribbean is achieved. On the other hand, other Caribbean writers in the structural functionalist tradition have disagreed with Smith. Edward Braithwaite (in Barrow and Reddock, 2002) argues that the Caribbean does indeed have a common value system. He posits that there has emerged in the region a common ascriptive base, upon which values are built. For instance, he believes that over time, blacks came to accept white dominance, as did the whites and, hence, the argument that there were absolutely no common values does not hold. He suggests that, while stark differences exist in the way cultural institutions are practiced by different sections of the society, it cannot be denied that underlying commonalities abound. Hence, from this perspective, we are again able to appreciate, another perspective of Caribbean order. Yet another Caribbean sociologist worth examining is Edward Kamau Brathwaite (1971). In his work, Creolisation in Jamaica, Brathwaite advances the argument that the cultures which were flung together and helped to shape Caribbean culture have indeed mixed, blended and fused to form one. In providing a working definition, Edward Kamau Brathwaite in, Creolisation in Jamaica (1971) states that creolisation is â€Å"†¦a cultural action – material, psychological, and spiritual – based upon the stimulus/response of individuals within the society to their environment and – as white/black †¦to each other.† As such, creolisation theory posits that when the Africans were thrown together in social arrangement with the Europeans, there was a cultural fusion and this fusion of cultural elements came to form something new. The assumption is that the two cultures were flung together but one was the ‘dominant’ culture (Europe) and the other was subo rdinate (Africa). Simple exposure to linguistics will explain that a ‘creole’ is a fusion of two or more languages to form a new one. In this way, the new language – though influenced by both – is neither of the pre-existent languages. For example, Haitian creole is heavily influenced by French, but is by no means understood by a native French speaker living in France. The point is that, when the process of creolisation takes place, a new social order is formed. Ken Pryce in Barrow Reddock (2004) questions whether or not ‘mainstream approaches’ to understanding order and deviance be readily applied to the Caribbean. As post-plantation societies, the Caribbean region has been shaped by the complex dynamics of its cultural experience. In his piece entitled, Towards a Caribbean Criminology he posits that Caribbean experience is complicated and hence, scholars must examine the peculiarities of the region and the ways in which social groups contribute to deviance in the culture. Pryce (in Barrow Reddock 2004) suggests that more attention must be placed on the lumpen proletariat class (as described by Karl Marx) and the ways in which they’ve been exploited by the capitalist class; resulting in a certain level of deviance. He also discusses the ways in which modernization of Caribbean societies has contributed to the modernization of deviance and crime in the locality. For his part, Anthony Harriot (in Barrow Reddock, 2004) critically analyzes the changing trends of crime and deviance in Jamaica. He highlights the trending down of property related crimes which have happened alongside a rise in violent crime. He also notes that the gun has increased in prominence in violent crimes over the last three decades. Harriot (in Barrow Reddock, 2004) focuses attention at two major sources of violent crime in Jamaica. These are ‘domestic violence’ and ‘gang violence’. These two categories have accounted for the overwhelming majority of violent crimes (particularly murders) in Jamaica. What this reveals is that, membership in primary groups, in which persons are familiar with each other, does not exclude one from perpetuating and being the victims of violence. Domestic violence takes place among persons who share familial bonds. Couples and wider family members are often the perpetrators as well as the victims of deviant activity. Similarly, gang violence in has been cited in annual statistics are the largest contributor to violent crime statistics. In the final analysis, it is beyond doubt that groups – both small and large – are fundamental to human social experience. We turn to them for a sense of collective identity and belonging. Because of this reality, social groups help to promote social cohesion, solidarity and facilitate social order. However, while group life is instrumental in preserving order in society, it is also a fact that social groups do contribute to deviant behaviour in societies everywhere. References †¢ †¢ Barrow, C. and Reddock, R. Caribbean Sociology  © 2002 Bilton, T., Bonnet, K.,Jones, P., Stanworth, M., Introduction to Sociology,  © 1981 Macmillan Publishers, Londin †¢ †¢ †¢ Coser, Lewis, Key Sociological Thinkers,  © 1977 Chevannes, B. Rastafari: Roots and Ideology,  © 1995 Giddens, Anthony, Sociology (3rd Ed.)  © 1999 Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge †¢ Giddens, Anthony, What is Sociology? A Definition and Some Preliminary Considerations,  © 1986 Macmillan Publishers, London. †¢ Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives  © 2004. †¢ Macionis, J. and Plummer, K., Sociology: A Global Introduction,  © 2008 Prentice Hall.

Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile: Effects of Garlic and Ginger

Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile: Effects of Garlic and Ginger Comparative Efficacy of Garlic and Ginger on Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice Amna Masroor Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale are vegetables used for seasoning, flavoring, culinary and in herbal remedies as they hold insulinotropic properties playing significant role in maintaining ÃŽÂ ² cells helpful to lower blood glucose level in diabetes. Both are also siginificant in lowering blood lipid levels. The experimental trial of 4 week is planned to investigate the comparative effect of ginger and garlic on blood sugar level and lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic mice. 25 male mice rats weighing between 40 and 50 g will be used for the study. Diabetes will be induced in fasted mice (12hrs) by a single dose intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg body weight of alloxan. The diabetic state will be assessed by measuring the non-fasting plasma glucose concentration 72hrs after alloxan treatment. The rats with a plasma glucose level above 180mg/dl will be selected for the experiment and considered as diabetics. Mice will be divided into 5 groups having 5 in each as: No rmal Control (group 1), Diabetic control (group 2), Diabetic+ garlic (30g/100g diet group 3), Diabetic + ginger (30mg/kg diet group 4) and Diabetic + ginger and garlic (30g/ 100g group 5). In the end of trial the blood sugar and lipid parameters will be checked and compared. INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus and its allied discrepancies is one of the prominent menaces of developing economics. Pakistan is at 6th position however, at the end of the year 2030; approximately 376 million people will be suffered (Wild et al., 2004). Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome that steadily affects different physiological systems of the human body. It is one of the leading causes of mortality in worldwide and, if uncontrolled, can threat multi-organs system (Zakir et al., 2008). Uncontrolled blood glucose is believed to be the cardinal feature in the onset of diabetic difficulties of both type 1 and type 2 (American Association of Diabetic Educators, 2002). Most common type is Type 2 category, while Type 1 diabetes develops in early childhood. Main reasons include sedentary lifestyles, energy rich diet, lack of physical exercise and obesity (Yajnik, 2001). Diabetes is mainly characterized by relative deficiency in insulin secretion or insulin action associated with hyperglycemia and malfunctioning in the metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. It may also leads to various other complications like cardiovascular disorders, oxidative stress and immune dysfunction may develop (Nogichi, 2007; Rana et al., 2007).Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality all across the globe. Increased cholesterol level and LDL oxidation trigger events that initiate atherosclerosis (Matsuura et al., 2008; Andican et al., 2008; Whale and Heys, 2008). To cope with this situation a number of herbal medicines for diabetes mellitus and its allied diseases have been emerged (Alarcon-Aguilara et al., 1998; Marles and Farnsworth, 1995). Drug treatment is obligatory nevertheless, accompanied by various side effects and their effectiveness decreases with the passage of time (Zakir et al., 2008; Lapshina et al., 2006). Physical exercise and diet selection is one of the significant strategies to manage diabetes and its allied complications including immune dysfunction, degenerative and cardiovascular disorder. Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale and their bioactive constituents hold insulinotropic properties playing significant role in maintaining ÃŽÂ ² cells helpful to address the menace. Garlic (Allium sativum) is an essential vegetable that has been widely utilized as seasoning, flavoring, culinary and in herbal remedies (Rivlin, 2001). Garlic has been shown to have diverse biological activities including antidiabetic, antithrombotic, anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antitumorigenetic and various other biological actions (Augusti, 1996).Scientific investigations have depicted that it contains 65% water, 30% carbohydrates along with 5 % of other bioactive components mainly sulfur containing compounds (Milner, 2001). Its important constituents are classified as; sulfur containing compounds and non sulfur containing compounds. Among these organosulphur compounds particularly cysteine sulfoxides and thiosulfinates have greater importance (Tapiero et al., 2004). Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) and S-allay cysteine are the main thiosulfinates out of which 60-80% is allicin (Lawson et al., 2001).Garlic and its various preparations have potential to lower total plasma cholesterol, reduction in blood pressure and alleviation of blood glucose level (Sterling and Eagling, 2001). Some studies confirmed anti hyperglycemic effects of garlic (Eidi et al., 2006). Garlic may act on blood glucose through various mechanisms and therefore directly lowers blood glucose level by exciting glycogenisis and preventing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenisis in muscles and hepatic (Ebomoyi et al., 2010). The fiber of garlic may also hamper carbohydrate absorption; thereby affecting blood glucose (Gholamali A Jelodar, 2005). Antioxidant property of garlic is another possible mechanism that makes it a contender as antidiabetic agent (Queiroz et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2009). Antioxidant effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, isolated product from garlic is considered to have antiglycation properties. Different supplementations of garlic hold remarkable effect on cholesterol level, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Consumption of garlic and garlic preparations are very useful in regulating plasma lipid levels (Lau, 2006), plasma anticoagulant activity (Pierre et al., 2005; Lawson et al., 1992) and also contributed toward the prevention of atherosclerosis process (Rehman and Lowe, 2006).Ginger is also very effective for lowering blood sugar, cholesterol and triglyceride levels (Bhandari et al., 1998). Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) commonly called Adrak belongs to family Zingiberaceae (Joshi, 2000). It is used in both ways as food additives (Flavor) or as a medicine and it is useful in preventing or treating a variety of human ailments including migraine headache, elevated cholesterol level, hepatotoxicity, burns, peptic ulcers, nausea, vomiting and motion sickness (Robbers and Tyler, 2002).Chemical constituents of ginger are camphene, cineol, zingiberine, gingerol and ÃŽÂ ²-ph ellandrene (Shinwari et al., 2006). Ethyl acetate extract of ginger produces significant reduction in glucose concentration and also decreases lipid level (Goyal and Kadnur, 2006). Acute dose of aqueous extracts of Z. Officinale rhizome shows hypoglycaemic activity (Kalejaiye et al., 2002). Ginger promotes glucose clearances in insulin responsive peripheral tissues, which is vital in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis (Li et al., 2012). Ginger treatment considerably reduces the both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (Akhani et al., 2004). The ethanolic extract of ginger also appreciably reduces serum total cholesterol and triglycerides and elevates the HDL-cholesterol levels; also, the extract can protects tissues from lipid peroxidation and shows a significant lipid lowering activity in diabetic rats. Objective: The present study is designed to investigate and explore the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic perspectives of raw garlic and ginger using alloxan induced biabetic mice modeling. Review of Literature: Ahmed and Sharma, (1997) studied on adult Wister rats were fed diet containing 0.5% ginger (group 3) and combination of ginger and garlic (group 4).Their results showed that the combination of garlic and ginger was much more effective in reducing blood serum cholesterol and blood glucose and in increasing HDL cholesterol. Hence a combination of garlic and ginger is much more effective in reducing blood glucose and serum lipids. Bhandari et al. (1998) studied the effect of ginger on cholesterol fed rabbits, after ten weeks, cholesterol fed rabbits had increased cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum lipoproteins and phospholipids. When extract of ginger was given the remarkably reduction in the cholesterol, serum triglyceride and serum lipid proteins and phospholipids was observed. Ahmed et al. (2000) examined the dietary effect of ginger on antioxidant dependent system in rats, and his results showed that ginger (Zingiber Officinale; 1% w/w) significantly lowered lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of the antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in rats. Ackermann et al. (2001) conducted a study to see the effect of garlic on lipid profile and results indicated that garlic preparations had comparatively lower declines (1.2-17.3 mg/dl and 12.4-25.4 mg/dl) in total cholesterol level as compared to whole garlic after 1 and 3 month correspondingly. Bhandari et al. (2005) discovered that ethanolic extract of ginger significantly reduced serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels and increased HDL-cholesterol level as compared to diabetic rats, and the extract showed a significant lipid lowering activity and protect the tissues from lipid peroxidation. Goyal and Kadnur, (2006) reported that goldthioglucose cause a significant increase in body weight, glucose insulin level and lipid level in mice and when methanol and ethyl acetate extract of ginger were given to mice for eight weeks that produced significant reduction in glucose concentration and lipid level. Amin et al. (2006) studied the hypoglycemic potential of ginger.The aqueous extract ofraw ginger (500mg/kg) was given to the streptozitocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats for seven weeks. Fasting blood serum was examined and results indicated that the raw ginger was very effective in lowering the serum glucose. Afshari et al. (2007) estimated the effect of ginger powder on nephropathy induced by diabetes, and measured the changes in plasma lipid peroxidation, Wistar rats were treated after the grouping of 3 rats in each. Blood sample was collected from the heart of each rat. The results showed that ginger powder caused decrease in lipid peroxidation. Al-Qattan et al. (2008) reported that in STZ-induced diabetic rats which were injected intraperitoneally with ginger extract for seven weeks, the serum glucose was significantly lowered, and the urine protein reduced to the same level as the normal group. Histological examination clearly depicted that ginger effectively reduced the progression of structural nephropathy in diabetic rats. Islam and Choi, (2008) compared the anti-diabetic effects of dietary ginger and garlic in STZ induced Diabetic rats. In this trial 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat (HF) diet (22% fat) for 2 weeks and then randomly divided into six groups of eight animals: Normal Control (NC), Diabetic Control (DBC), Ginger Low (GNL), Ginger High (GNH), Garlic Low (GRL), and Garlic High (GRH) groups. Low and High indicate addition of 0.5% and 2.0% freeze-dried ginger or garlic powder in their respective diets.After 4 weeks data of this study suggested that ginger and garlic are insulinotropic rather than hypoglycemic while overall anti-diabetic effects of ginger are better than those of garlic. Shariatzadeh et al. (2008) exhibited the effect of garlic on lowering blood sugar and preventing and curing nephropathy in STZ induced diabetic rats. 32 male Wister rats were randomly divided into control, control+extract, diabetic and diabetic+extract groups (n=8).Treatment with aqueous-ethanolic extract of garlic (50mg/ kg/day) was followed for 4 weeks. The results revealed that there was significant decrease in blood sugar and increase in weight of kidney and volume of cortex,medulla and kidney. Abd-Elraheem et al. (2009) depicted the effect of ginger extract consumption on levels of blood glucose, lipid profile and kidney functions in alloxan induced-diabetic rats. In this study rats (130-150gm) were divided into 4 groups; normal control rats, diabetic control rats, diabetic rats post-treated with ginger and diabetic rats pretreated with ginger. Ginger extract was administered orally for 6 weeks to post-treated and pre-treated rats, and they were compared with the normal and diabetic groups, respectively. Plasma glucose, plasma lipid,plasma creatinine, urea and uric acid levels were reduced significantly in both post-treated and pretreated groups. Bing et al. (2011) conducted a study to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of enteric-coated ginger and garlic essence tablet on lipid profile of rats fed high-fat diet and hyperlipidemic subjects. One experimental group having hyperlipidemic rats was assigned to orally expose to three different doses of essence tablet for 30 consecutive days. In addition other experimental group of hyperlipidemic subjects received one piece of ginger and garlic essence tablet twice daily. After 30 days the data of serum lipid profile of both group was obtained which depicted that enteric-coated ginger and garlic tablet remarkably improved blood lipid profile in rats fed high-fat diet and hyperlipidemic subjects. Eyo et al. (2011) revealed the comparative hypoglycemic effect of the hypoglycemic increasing dosages of A. cepa, A. sativum and Z. officinale aqueous extract on alloxan -induced diabetic rats. Increasing dosages (200, 250 and 300mg/kg bw ip) of A. cepa, A. sativum and Z. officinale aqueous extracts were given to the diabetic rats for six weeks and after six weeks blood glucose levels were determined and concluded that A. sativum, A. cepa and Z. officinale significantly decreased blood glucose as 79.7%, 75.4% and 56.7% respectively. Ashour et al. (2011) conducted a study was to investigate the short term effect of garlic oil on the antioxidant status as well as insulin level in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. In diabetic rats (two groups), one treated by garlic oil (200 mg/kg b.wt) and the other group treated by vehicle (corn oil; 2 ml / kg b. wt,) for 8 weeks. Results showed the significant increase in levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, GPx, C-peptide and insulin on oral administrations of the garlic oil in the diabetic rats. Prasad et al. (2012) investigated hypolipidimic effects of ginger-juice in rat. Albino rats (n=6-12) were administered G.J at single dose (4ml/rat, p.o) as a chronic treatment over period of 21 days. After the 21 days the lipid profile parameters were checked and which indicated that treatment with ginger-juice in rats significantly reduced the total serum cholesterol level and significantly increased the serum HDL-cholesterol. So it was concluded that ginger juice has hypolipidemic effect. Sanghal et al. (2012) conducted a trial to check the comparative efficacy of ginger and garlic on hypertension and hyperlipidemia in rats. In this study total 18 rats were taken and equally divided into three (control, ginger and garlic) groups by random selection. Ginger and garlic (500 mg/kg orally) were given to two separate groups of rats fed on high fat diet for a period of 7 weeks. Blood pressure and lipid profile were measured on day 0 and after 7 weeks. Comparative results depicted that ginger has better although not significant preventive effect on systolic blood pressure and garlic has better preventive effect on lipid levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This experiment will be conducted to investigate the comparative effect of garlic and ginger on blood sugar level and lipid profile of alloxan induced diabetic mice. Plant Material: The A. sativum and Z. officinale used for the experiment will be purchased from the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad. Animal Model: 25 mice weighing 30-35g will be purchased from National Institute of Health, Islamabad and kept in the animal house of the National Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFSAT), University of Agriculture Faisalabad. They will be maintained at a temperature of 25  ± 1 °C and relative humidity of 45 to 55% under 12-h light: 12-h dark cycle. They will be fed with normal diet and water ad libitum. Induction of Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes will be induced in mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of aqueous alloxan monohydrate (40 mg/kg, i.v.) solution. After 72 hrs animals showing serum glucose level above 180 mg/dl (diabetic) will be chosen for the study. Experimental Protocol: The experimental animals will be divided into 5 groups; each group will contain 5 animals: Control group G1 (normal without treatment), diabetic control group G2 (injected with 40mg/kg b.w. of alloxan), diabetic mice treated with 30g/100g diet of garlic for 4 weeks G3, diabetic mice treated with 30g/100g diet of ginger for 4 weeks G4 and diabetic mice treated with 30g/100g diet containing mixture of garlic and ginger G5. Data Collection: Data will be collected for different parameters for body weight, feed and water intake. Collection of Blood Samples: At the end of 4 weeks blood samples will be collected by sacrificing the animals for determination of blood glucose and lipid profile. Proximate Analysis: The proximate analysis of garlic and ginger for moisture, total ash content, crude protein, fat, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract will be done by using the method given by AOAC (1990). Statistical Analysis: The resulting data will be subjected to some appropriate statistical techniques. Reflection | Physiotherapy Placement Reflection | Physiotherapy Placement The Department of Health (DoH) (2003) highlighted the importance for all professions currently regulated by the Health Professions Council to demonstrate competence through continuing professional development (CPD). CPD is a systematic, ongoing, structured process that encourages the development and maintenance of knowledge, skills and competency that assists us in becoming better practitioners (Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP), 2003). As a result of the Health Act (1999) and for registration with the Health Professions Council (HPC), CPD is a legal requirement (HPC Standards of Proficiency, 2007) that must be completed in accordance with the (HPC) Standards of Continuing Professional Development (HPC, 2006). This essay allows for demonstration of life-long learning using evidence from clinical practice and critical evaluation to contribute to my CPD. Learning outcome 5 will be demonstrated throughout this essay. Throughout this essay the reader is directed to the appendices to support theory with evidence of practice. I considered my motivations for undertaking CPD before writing this essay and reflected upon them again on completion (Appendix 1). Demonstrate professional behaviour with an understanding of the fundamental, legal and ethical boundaries of professional practice Beauchamp and Childress (2001) identify four ethical principles; Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice. These ethical principles can be used to morally reason whether an action or decision is right or wrong when used in conjunction with a set of guidelines (Kohlberg et al, 1983). Professional codes of conduct are developed within moral, ethical and legal frameworks to help guide and regulate practice (Hope et al, 2008). Every practitioner has clinical autonomy, therefore they are professionally and legally accountable for their actions. The following will discuss the importance of consent and duty of care for both legal and ethical reasons with regards to case 1 (Appendix 2), encounterd on practice placement 6 (PP6). Rule 9 of the HPC standards of conduct, performance and ethics (2008) states you must gain valid consent from a patient for any treatment you may perform or else you could face trial for assault, battery or negligence under civil or criminal law (Hendrick, 2002). It is a fundamental ethical priniciple that every person has a right to exercise autonomy (Article 9; Human Rights Act, 1998) and is reflected in the Core Standards of Physiotherapy Practice (CSP, 2005). Performing a procedure without gaining consent, undermines the moral priniciple of respect for patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s autonomy and human dignity (Sim, 1986). However, inability for Patient X to conform to the Mental Capacity Act (2005) meant he was treated in his best intrest in adherance to section 1.5 of this act and Rule 1 of the HPC (2008) standards of conduct, performance and ethics. Assuming the medical management of Patient X, a legal and professional duty of care was established (Rule 6; HPC, 2008). As part of this duty and in accordance with standard 2 of the CSP Core Standards of Physiotherapy, all interventions were explained to patient X despite his inability to consent. Had I not treated Patient X on the basis he had swine flu, this would have been failing to do justice to him, acting outside of the Disability Discrimination Act (2005) which states everyone should have equitable access to and utilisation of services regardless of disability and also Article 14 of the Human Rights Act (1998) in that no one should be discriminated against based on their health status. The Bolam Test (1957, cited in Dimond, 1999) states if duty of care to a client is breached and subsequent harm to the patient occurs, professional standards have not been kept and therefore negligence can be assumed. Although not legally binding, the CSP rules of professional conduct effectiv ely have the same status as law and failure to comply with them means they may not only be used in disciplinary hearings but also in legal proceeding as a civil case under the tort law of negligence (Dimond, 1999; Hendrick, 2002). In summary, a sound understanding of the legal implications surrounding consent and duty of care can help avoid unwanted litigation, however they should not undermine the ethical implications. Appendix 3 demonstrates how I have learnt from this experience. Assess the needs of a range of service users and, with reference to current professional knowledge and relevant research, apply, evaluate and modified physiotherapeutic intervention A service users is anyone who utilises or is affected by a registrants service (HPC, 2008). The complex needs of a service user encompass a range of issues including social, environmental, emotional and health related, the extent of which varies from person to person. For the purpose of this essay, the physiotherapeutic management of two patients treated whilst on PP6 with differing severities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations (Appendix 4) will be discussed. The National Institue for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines (NICE, 2004) in conjuntion with the guidelines for physiotherapy in respiratory care (British Thoracic Society (BST), 2008) advocates the use of active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT) with expiratory vibrations on the chest wall for the treatment of COPD to help aid airway clearance. Inability for patient A to comply with ACBT indicated the use of manual hyperinflation (MHI) to passively inflate the lungs and aid mucocillary transport (Ntoumenopoulos, 2005). As identified by Finer et al (1979), atelectasis is a common problem observed in mechanically ventilated patients for which MHI has been found to be beneficial in reducing it in a well controlled clinical trial by Stiller et al (1996), scoring a PEDro rating of 6/10. Absence of a cough reflex in patient A, resulted in sputum retention and the increased risk of infection indicating the use of suctioning (Pryor and Prasad, 2002) by which, copious amounts of viscous secretions were cleared. Shorten et al (1991) supports the use of saline instilation to loosen secretions prior to suctioining however, conflicting arguments by Blackwood (1999) and Kinloch (1999) question its effectiveness. Patient Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s compliance with ACBT replaced the need for MHI and suctioning. Patient A developed bilateral shoulder subluxations due to his lengthy intubation for which subluxation cuffs were applied, as suggest by Zorowitz et al (1995) with positive effect. Despite this study being on stroke patients, the results can be generalised to other patient groups as proved. The importance of mobilising patients with regards to respiratory function is highlighted by Ciesla (1996), however mobilisation of critically ill patients is restricted as they are often non-ambulatory. A high quality, randomised control trial using fifty-six participants by Mackay et al (2005), identified mobilisation as superior to other respiratory techniques, therefore Patient B was encouraged to sit out and treated using a graduated walking program. In the case of Patient B, mobilisation constitutes any change in position therefore the use of postural drainage positions and positioning into the cardiac chair setting on the bed were used (BTS, 2008). The range of problems service users present with means practitioners need to be adaptable, drawing on current evidence, professional knowledge from different fields of physiotherpy practice and experiences through CPD to deliever indiviualised patient-centred care. Appraise self management of a caseload and modify practice accordingly, demonstarating effective teamwork and communication skills Caseload management typically refers to the number of cases handled in a certain timeframe by an individual for which they have a duty of care towards (Scottish Executive, 2006). It is the management of time effectively through appropriate priority-setting, delegation, and allocation of resources to meet the service demand of its users (Curtis, 2002). Self-management of a caseload and adaptability to changing circumstances is expected of a registrant (HPC, 2008). Well developed time management skills can make a workload more manageable and improve the effectiveness of treatments and quality of time with patients. Prioritising patients to the order in which they will be seen based on their needs is encouraged by SARRAH (2010), however Nord (2002) argues whether it can be justified to prioritise those in most need if their potential benefit may not be as great as those in less need. In my experience prioritisation is dependant on a variety of factors for example, the trust where PP6 was completed, enforced protected meal times which did not run alongside staff meal times. Therefore, to prevent there being a void in the day, patients were still prioritised according to need but considertation had to be given to see patients that would be eating first and treat those that would not be during protected meal times. It is essential to consider that a therapists workload includes not only patient care, but also admistrative and research tasks in which delegation to others can be a valuable stratergy to assist with workload mangement. Curtis, (1999), identifies the need for practioners to show greater awareness of other disciplines competancies so delegation can be more effective. Feedback systems should be enforced to ensure task completion and objectives are being met (Curtis, 2002). Inter-professional collaboration refers to the process by which different disciplines work together to improve healthcare (Zwarenstein et al, 2009). Poor collaboration amongst healthcare professionals contributes to problems in quality of patient care and consequently poorer outcomes (Zwarenstein and Byrant, 1997). Liaison with members of the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) is encouraged by Shortell and Singer (2008) as practitioners are less likely to work off their own autonomy, ensuring patient safety, as demonstrated during handover in (Appendix 5). The learning objectives on PP6 to develop MDT collaboration and caseload management have been achieved as demonstrated in the feedback from my educator (Appendix 6) which identifies that improvement in self confidence will allow further development of the skills discussed. Demonstrate partnership with more junior students and/or appropriate others through the development of mentoring skills Mentoring is a process aimed at transfering knowledge, skills and psycological support from a more experienced person to a less experienced person, where the desired outcome is for both persons to achieve personal and professional growth (Anderson, 1987). An effective mentor facilitates, guides and empowers the mentee in becoming an independent learner (Coles, 1996) in which the relationships developed are based upon mutal respect, trust, confidentiality and shared beliefs and values (Lyons et al, 1990). The CSP (2005) acknowledges the importance of intergrating mentorship into CPD, in which the mentor develops a range of skills transferable to other CPD activities. This section focuses on peer mentoring as a concept, its practice and clinical application on an informal basis. Having identified the characteristics of a mentor (CSP, 2005), a SWOT analysis (Appendix 7) was completed to assist recognition of my personal learning needs. There are four stages to the mentoring life cycle (Appendix 8), in which the mentor needs to adopt and develop new skills to accommodate the mentee and guide them through the process. A qualitative study using a moderate sample size by Chan and Wai-Tong (2000) encourages the use of learning contracts (Appendix 9) to help establish rapports and facilitate autonomous learning which aids progression to stage two of the cycle. This is further supported in a recent review of the literature by Sambunjak et al (2009). Gopee (2008) recognises the importance of analysing the menteeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs. Foster-Turner (2006) states that different people approach the learning process in different ways therefore, matching the learning styles of the mentor and mentee will produce a more productive and successful relationship (Mumford, 1995; Hale, 2000). Honey and Mumford (1992) suggested people tend to have a predominant learning style and can be classified as activists, reflectors, theorists or pragmatists (Appendix 10). Boud (1999) identifies raising self-awareness as an essential tool used in lifelong leaning and through analysis of learning styles using Honey and Mumfordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1992) questionnaire, this allowed for reflection on the style of learning that would best suit the mentee to help meet their learning needs (Foster-Turner, 2006) (Appendix 11). As identified by the learning style inventory, the mentee and myself were both reflective learners, therefore we arranged sessions where we could dreflect on a clinical experience and discuss how new learning could be applied to future events. A feedback form from the mentee (Appendix 12) an a SWOT analysis (Appendix 13) demonstrates how through increased self-awareness and review of the literature, I have developed a better understanding of the mentoring process, the skills required and its application in into clinical practice. Developing others is central to current and desired practice (DoH, 2000a, 2000b, 2001, 2002) in which mentorship offers all the key attributes to the process. Preparation of an individual for this role, through self assessment, is central to its success, in which the skills developed are lifelong and can enable development into management and leadership roles later on in life. Demonstrate skills of career-long learning Lifelong learning is used synonymously with CPD and is concerned with practitioners critically reviewing their skills and knowledgebase with the ultimate goal of providing a better standard of care to all service users (French and Dowds, 2008). A recent inquest into a practitioner who did not maintain his competencies, demonstrates the possible consequences of poor CPD (Appendix 14). Appendix 15 details a range of formal and informal activities that can be undertaken to contribute towards CPD, evidence of which can be documented in a portfolio. The importance of staff development is recognised by the DoH documents (2000a, 2000b, 2001, 2002) which sets out the Governments vision of an NHS that prepares allied health professionals with the skills to take advantage of wider career opportunities and realise their potential. By using the competency based framework; The NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (2004), physiotherapists can participate in development reviews which identify development opportunities and contribute to the fulfilment of personal development plans.

John Steinbeck: A Common Mans Man :: essays research papers fc

John Steinbeck: A Common Man's Man "I never wrote two books alike", once said John Steinbeck (Shaw, 10). That may be true, but I think that he wrote many of his novels and short stories based on many of the same views. He often focused on social problems, like the â€Å" haves† verses the "have nots", and made the reader want to encourage the underdog. Steinbeck's back ground and concern for the common man made him one of the best writers for human rights. John Steinbeck was born in Salians, California and spent most of his life there or around Salians, because of that he often modeled his stories and the characters around the land he loved and the experiences he encountered. He lived in Salians until 1919, when he left for Stanford University, he only enrolled in the courses that pleased him - literature, creative writing and majoring in Marine Biology. He left in 1925, without a degree. Even though he didn't graduate his books showed the results of his five years spent there. His books display a considerable reading of the Greek and Roman historians, and the medieval and Renaissance fabalists and the biological sciences (Shaw 11). He then moved to New York and tried his hand as a construction worker and as a reporter for the American. (Covici , xxxv). Steinbeck then moved back to California and lived with his wife at Pacific Grove. In 1934, he wrote for the San Franciso News, he was assigned to write several articles about the 3,000 migrants flooded in at Kings County. The plight of the migrant workers motivated him to help and document their struggle. The money he earned from the newspaper allowed him to travel to their home and see why their reason for leaving and traveled to California with them, sharing in with their hardships (Steinbeck, 127). Because John Steinbeck was able to travel with the Okies, he was able to accurately portray them and their struggles. Each book that he wrote had settings in the places where he has either lived or wanted to live. He presented the land as it was. The characters in his stories experienced floods, drought, and other natural disasters, while in the Salians Valley (Shaw, 5). What Steinbeck wrote was very factual and in depth. He exhibited his awareness of man and his surroundings, in his early books, before people ate, a pig had to be slaughtered, and often that and before they ate, it had to be cooked. Also when a car broke down, the characters had to find parts, and fixed